Encapsulation in Java is a powerful mechanism for storing the data members and data methods of a class together. It is done in the form of a secure field accessible by only the members of the same class.
What is Encapsulation in Java?
Encapsulation in Java is an object-oriented procedure of combining the data members and data methods of the class inside the user-defined class. It is important to declare this class as private.
Next, we will understand the Syntax to be followed while implementing encapsulation in Java.
Syntax:
<Access_Modifier> class <Class_Name> {
private <Data_Members>;
private <Data_Methods>;
}
For enhancing the understanding of the encapsulation process, let us go through the following sample program.
Example:
package dc;
public class c
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Employee e = new Employee();
e.setName("Robert");
e.setAge(33);
e.setEmpID(1253);
System.out.println("Employee's name: " + e.getName());
System.out.println("Employee's age: " + e.getAge());
System.out.println("Employee's ID: " + e.getEmpID());
}
}
package dc;
public class Employee {
private String Name;
private int EmpID;
private int Age;
public int getAge() {
return Age;
}
public String getName() {
return Name;
}
public int getEmpID() {
return EmpID;
}
public void setAge(int newAge) {
Age = newAge;
}
public void setName(String newName) {
Name = newName;
}
public void setRoll(int newEmpID) {
EmpID = newEmpID;
}
public void setEmpID(int EmpID) {
}
}
//Output:
Employee's name: Robert
Employee's age: 33
Employee's ID: 1253
Need for Encapsulation in Java
Encapsulation improvises the procedure of coding to a whole new level. We need encapsulation in Java for various reasons. They are stated below.
Better Control
Encapsulation provides ultimate control over the data members and data methods inside the class.
Getter and Setter
The standard IDEs provide in-built support for ‘Getter and Setter’ methods, which increases the programming pace.
Security
Encapsulation prevents access to data members and data methods by any external classes. The encapsulation process improves the security of the encapsulated data.
Flexibility
Changes made to one part of the code can be successfully implemented without affecting any other part of the code.
Data Hiding in Java
Data hiding is a procedure done to avoid access to the data members and data methods and their logical implementation. Data hiding can be done by using the access specifiers. We have four access specifiers, which are as follows.
Default
Default is the first line of data hiding. If any class in Java is not mentioned with an access specifier, then the compiler will set ‘default’ as the access specifier. The access specifications of default are extremely similar to that of the public access specifier.
Public
The public access specifier provides the access specifications to a class so that it can be accessed from anywhere within the program.
Example:
package Simplilearn;
class vehicle {
public int tires;
public void display() {
System.out.println("I have a vehicle.");
System.out.println("It has " + tires + " tires.");
}
}
public class Display {
public static void main(String[] args) {
vehicle veh = new vehicle();
veh.tires = 4;
veh.display();
}
}
//Output:
I have a vehicle.
It has four tires.
Private
The private access specifier provides access to the data members, and the data methods limit to the class itself.
Example:
package Simplilearn;
class Student {
private int rank;
public int getRank() {
return rank;
}
public void setRank(int rank) {
this.rank = rank;
}
}
public class school {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s = new Student();
s.setRank(1022);
System.out.println("Student rank is " + s.getRank());
}
}
//Output:
Student rank is 1022
Protected
The protected access specifier protects the class methods and members similar to the private access specifier. The main difference is that the access is limited to the entire package, unlike only a class with the private access specifier.
Example:
package Simplilearn;
class human {
protected String stream;
protected void display() {
System.out.println("Hello, I am a " + stream + " Student");
}
}
public class Student extends human {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s = new Student();
s.stream = "Computer Science and Engineering Technology";
s.display();
}
}
//Output:
Hello, I am a Computer Science and Engineering Technology Student
Data Hiding vs. Encapsulation in Java
|
Data Hiding |
Data Encapsulation |
|
Data hiding can be considered as the parent process |
Encapsulation is a sub-process of data hiding |
|
Access specifier is always private |
Access specifier can be private and public |
|
Data hiding is about hiding method implementation |
Encapsulation is about combining methods with data members |
|
The main motto is to hide data and its implementation |
The main motto is to combine data and their methods |
Getter and Setter Methods
Getter
The method capable of accessing and retrieving an instance of a private variable is known as a getter method.
Setter
The method that is capable of modifying, or setting to an instance of a private variable is the setter method.
Example:
package Simplilearn;
public class Employee {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name){
this.name=name ;
}
}
package Simplilearn;
public class GetSet {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee e = new Employee();
e.setName("Charles");
System.out.println(e.getName());
}
}
//Output:
Charles
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Benefits of Encapsulation in Java
Implementing the process of encapsulation in Java has proven to be highly effective and beneficial while programming in real-time. The following are the significant benefits of encapsulation.
- A class can have complete control over its data members and data methods.
- The class will maintain its data members and methods as read-only.
- Data hiding prevents the user from the complex implementations in the code.
- The variables of the class can be read-only or write-only as per the programmer's requirement.
- Encapsulation in Java provides an option of code-reusability.
- Using encapsulation will help in making changes to an existing code quickly.
- Unit testing a code designed using encapsulation is elementary.
- Standard IDEs have the support of getters and setters; this makes coding even faster.
So with this, we have now arrived at the end of the 'Encapsulation in Java' article. We hope you enjoyed learning about the essential concepts of encapsulation in Java.
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