IBM Recruitment Process

IBM History and Culture

Today, it offers services in the areas of computer hardware and software development, as well as hosting and consulting. In addition to selling laptop computers and nanotechnology, it also offers mainframe computers. However, IBM is first and foremost a research firm. 

Between the years 1924 and 2020, it was responsible for the development of a wide range of technologies that went on to have widespread use and a transformative impact on the world. These innovations include the automated teller machine, the floppy disc, the hard disc, the SQL scripting languages, etc. 

There are more than 345,000 individuals employed at IBM. It has an operating income of over $13 billion and is a pioneer in AI and cloud computing. There is a strong emphasis on innovation, creativity, and teamwork in the company's current culture. IBM aims to find answers to pressing issues that not only generate revenue but also benefit the whole human race.

Life at IBM

Knowing the ins and outs of the company will help while answering IBM questions in an interview. It shows that you've done your homework and that you've taken the time to thoroughly investigate the job for which you're applying. A person's experience working at IBM might vary greatly depending on their position and the scope of their responsibilities. There are, nevertheless, a few commonalities that should be noted.

First and foremost, working at IBM entails developing products and services for both corporate and individual customers. However, there is a greater emphasis on addressing humanity's biggest challenges, such as treating diseases, forecasting the weather, or restoring the oceans. In other words, you will have the opportunity to consider and maybe even contribute to the resolution of issues like these.

IBM offers a broad variety of chances for advancement to its workers. Working in cloud computing for a while, and then transitioning to security, are both viable options. Alternatively, you might begin your career in software development and then go into consulting. You may even be able to work and live abroad. No one could ever suggest that working at IBM was dull!

IBM Recruitment Process

Interview Process

Candidates who want to work with IBM are typically needed to go through four stages of the recruiting process. The candidate's analytical skills and technical knowledge are both evaluated using these four stages. The details are as follows:

• Cognitive Ability Evaluation
• Coding Round
• Technical Round 
• HR Round 

To be considered for an IBM position, you must be successful in each of the steps listed above.

Interview Rounds

• Cognitive Ability Evaluation

The candidate's cognitive abilities will most likely be evaluated at this stage of the selection process. In this round, you'll usually find a variety of fun games:

1. Shortcuts: The goal of this game is to get Blue Marble all the way to the stars.
2. Gridlock: This task is to cover the designated space with blocks from a specified set.
3. Resemble: Here, the goal is to transform a given picture into a new image that meets the specifications.
4. Numbubbles: It's your job to bust all of the bubbles such that their combined volume matches the specified value.
5. Tally Up: In this situation, the goal is to determine if the computation on the left-hand side is equivalent to more than or less than the calculation on the right-hand side.

It's possible that this round may require you to participate in a WebEx session, during which a proctor will observe the candidates while they play the games. Candidates who are successful in this stage are given links to participating in subsequent rounds shortly after the results of the round have been processed, which typically takes less than half an hour.

• Coding Round

It is important to note that the coding phase in the IBM hiring process is dynamic. The number of coding problems might vary from one to four. The amount of time that is allocated to answer them varies depending on the total number of questions that need to be answered. There is a 30-45 minute time limit for the first two questions, while the time allocated to the third and fourth questions might vary from an hour to two hours.

During this stage of the selection process, the candidate's coding abilities, as well as overall familiarity with the different algorithms and data structures, will be evaluated. You are free to write code in any of today's popular programming languages, such as C, C++, Java, or Python, depending on your preferences. You should have a solid understanding of data structures and algorithms, as well as a lot of familiarity with coding challenges like these.

• Technical Round

An in-person interview will be scheduled for those who pass the online exam. During a technical interview, you will be asked questions about your problem-solving and analytical skills, as well as how you handle pressure and other difficult circumstances.

Your ability to solve problems will also be evaluated throughout this stage of the process. 

You will be questioned about your prior work accomplishments and undertakings, as well as the tasks that you performed, the ways in which you leveraged technologies, and the level of success that you achieved. You should get ready by familiarizing yourself with the foundations of computer science. You may also anticipate questions based on the principles of computer science. You may anticipate questions on:

1. Object-Oriented Programming Systems(OOPs)
2. Database Management Systems (DBMS)
3. Computer Networks (CN)
4. Computer Organization and Architecture (CoA) 
5. Operating Systems (OS)

There are several factors that go into determining how many technical interviews you have, including your performance in previous rounds, your job description, your background, and the expectations of the company.

• HR Round

After successfully completing the technical interview, candidates will go on to the next stage with HR. The primary goal of an HR interview is to determine whether or not an applicant is a perfect fit for a particular role based on factors including temperament, background, experience, and other factors. Hence, it is vital that you be well-prepared for your HR interview.

IBM HR Interview Questions For Fresher

1. Tell me about yourself

I have done my Bachelor's in Computer Science and Engineering. I have focused my academic study on contemporary aspects of technology, such as data mining and machine learning. Java and C are two programming languages that I am proficient in.

2. Why should I hire you?

Being a fresher, I do not have any prior work experience. If you employ me, I'll be able to learn new skills and accomplish my ambitions. This is only going to be achievable if you employ me, and if you do, I promise to put in my best effort for this business.

3. What are your strong and weak points?

My strong points are that I am trustworthy, open-minded, and responsible, and I maintain a good perspective. My weak point is that I do not rest till I have completed my task.

4. Why are you interested in working for our company?

For me, it's a significant privilege to work for an esteemed worldwide firm like yours. It has a worldwide presence, with several locations. Your company's morale is high, which reflects well on its employees. It's a great opportunity for me to grow as a performer and learn new skills and techniques.

5. What distinguishes Confidence from Overconfidence?

Confidence suggests that I will win, whereas overconfidence says that I will always win.

6. What distinguishes Hard work from Smart work?

Because you can't become better at anything if you don't practise it, putting in plenty of hard work is an absolute need in your life.

7. What do you think about working overnight and at weekends?

If the firm needs my services, I am available to work whenever they need me.

8. Are you Capable of Working Under Pressure?

Indeed, it is a privilege for me to serve in a well-respected business such as yours since yours is an outstanding worldwide corporation. It has a significant number of locations all around the globe. Your company provides a very satisfying work environment for its employees. It's a good opportunity for me to showcase my skills while also expanding my knowledge and enhancing my expertise.

9. What are your aims?

My immediate objective is to find a position with your firm, and my long-term objective is to achieve success in all aspects of this organization's operations.

10. Would you lie for the company?

It's OK with me to lie if it's for the sake of the firm, but it shouldn't come at the expense of other people.

11. What are your pay expectations?

I may anticipate receiving anything that will allow me to cover my expenses.

12. In five years, where do you see yourself?

I can foresee myself progressing within this firm and achieving a position in which I become an invaluable contributor to this organization at some point in the future.

13. From one to 10, how would you evaluate me as an interviewer?

You have more knowledge, more skill, and more life experience than I have. I don't feel qualified to pass judgment on you.

14. Who has been your inspiration, and why?

My father is a source of motivation for me since he has consistently shown how one can go from having nothing to having everything. He has always been there to direct me in the right direction so that I may achieve success in all aspects of my life. 

IBM Technical Interview Questions: Freshers and Experienced

1. In the context of the C++ programming language, explain the major concepts of Object-Oriented Programming.

There are four major concepts of Object-oriented Programming in C++. They include the following:

• Inheritance

The ability of a class to derive features and traits from another class is referred to as inheritance. Inheritance is one of the most important features of Object-Oriented Programming. Subclasses and derived classes are classes that inherit properties from another class. A superclass or base class is a class whose properties and member functions are inherited by other classes. The concept of "reusability" is supported through inheritance. 

Consider a group. The vehicle has all of the basic features that a vehicle must have. This covers things like speeding up, braking, shifting gears, and so forth. Assume that the classes Car, Bus, Truck, and so on exist. Because all of these classes must essentially possess all of the features of the class Vehicle, they can all be considered subclasses of it.

• Encapsulation

In Object-Oriented Programming, encapsulation is defined as the binding of data and the functions that alter it. Encapsulation means that a class's variables or data are hidden from other classes and can only be accessed through member functions of the class in which they are declared.

Consider the following situation:

There are various divisions in a corporation, such as accounts, finance, sales, and so on. The finance department's job is to maintain track of all financial information and transactions. Similarly, it is the responsibility of the sales department to maintain track of all sales-related activity.

Let's pretend that a finance department official requests sales statistics for a given month. He cannot directly access the data in the sales area in this circumstance. Because only a sales department official has access to the data, he must be contacted. Encapsulation is depicted here by the process of requesting sales representatives for data. The data from the sales department, as well as the personnel who can affect it, are grouped under the heading "sales section."

• Polymorphism

It describes the existence of numerous versions of anything. In simple words, polymorphism refers to a message's ability to be displayed in numerous ways. A person might, for example, have a range of features at the same time. He is a father, a husband, and a worker all at the same time. As a result, the same person acts differently depending on the situation. This is known as polymorphism.

In C++, there are primarily two types of polymorphism. These are defined as follows:

• Compile Time Polymorphism

This type of polymorphism is achieved by overloading functions and operators.

• Runtime Polymorphism

This type of polymorphism is created by using Function Overriding.

• Abstraction

It gives only the most important elements while keeping the rest hidden. Data abstraction is the process of revealing only the most significant aspects of a dataset to the outside world while keeping the implementation details hidden.

Consider the situation of a man driving a car. The man only knows that pressing the accelerators increases the vehicle's speed and that applying the brakes stops it, but he has no understanding of how the speed is increased or how the accelerator, brakes, and other controls are implemented in the car. This is how abstraction is defined.

2. In the context of the C++ programming language, explain function overloading and overriding. Distinguish between them.

Function Overloading

Modifying the signature, i.e., the number of parameters, the data type of the parameters, and the return type, allows for multiple definitions of the function.

Function Overriding

Overriding a base class function in a derived class with the same signature, that is, the return type and parameters are known as function overriding. Only derived classes allow for this.

Major differences to be noted between these two:

• When one class inherits from another, functionalities are overridden. In the same class, overloading can occur.
• Overloaded functions must have a unique function signature, which means they must have a different number or type of parameters. When overriding, function signatures must be the same.
• Overloaded functions are in the same scope as overridden functions, whereas overridden functions are in different scopes.

The examples demonstrate both of these concepts well.

Program Demonstrating Function Overloading in C++.

using namespace std;

void overloadedMethod(int x)

{

    cout << "Inside Overloaded Method 1" << endl;

}

void overloadedMethod(float x)

{

    cout << "Inside Overloaded Method 2" << endl;

}

void overloadedMethod(int x1, float x2)

{

    cout << "Inside Overloaded Method 3" << endl;

} 

int main()

{

    int x = 5;

    float y = 5.5;

    overloadedMethod(x);

    overloadedMethod(y);

    overloadedMethod(x, y); 

    return 0;

}

Output

Inside Overloaded Method 1

Inside Overloaded Method 2

Inside Overloaded Method 3

Program Demonstrating Function Overriding in C++.

class Test

{

public: 

      virtual void print(){ cout << "Testing Function"; }

};

class Sample: public Test

{

public: 

       void print(){ cout << "Inside a Sample Function";}

};

int main()

{

    Test obj = new Sample();

    obj.print();

    return 0;

}

Output

Inside a Sample Function

3. What functions does an operating system perform?

An operating system's functions are as follows:

• User interface

Operating systems serve as a conduit between computer hardware and users. It allows the user to access the hardware in a structured manner.

• Maintains system functionality

Monitors overall system health to assist in increasing performance. Keep track of the time between service requests and system responses to gain a comprehensive view of the system's health. This will help with performance by providing important information for debugging.

• Security

Password protection and other security features are used by the operating system to protect user data. It also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.

• Error detection

The operating system continuously monitors the system in order to detect errors and keep the machine from falling.

• Memory Management

The operating system is in charge of managing primary memory, also known as main memory. The main memory is made up of a large number of bytes or words, each with its own address. Main memory is fast storage that the CPU has direct access to. Before a program can be executed, it must first be loaded into the main memory. 

An operating system manages memory by performing the following tasks:

• It keeps track of primary memory usage, or which user programs use certain memory bytes. Memory addresses that have previously been assigned and those that have yet to be used.
• In multiprogramming, the OS sets the order in which processes are allowed memory access and for how long.
• When a process requests memory, it is allocated, and memory is released when the process exits or performs an I/O activity.
• The operating system determines the order in which processes access the processor and the amount of processing time each process has in a multiprogramming environment.

• Device Management

Through drivers, an operating system (OS) regulates device connectivity. It keeps track of all of the system's connected gadgets. The Input/Output controller is a program in charge of all devices. Determines which processes and for how long are permitted access to a device. Devices are distributed in an effective and efficient manner. When a device is no longer needed, it is deallocated.

• File Management

To make navigation and usage more effective, a file system is organized into directories. These directories may include additional directories and files. Among other things, the operating system keeps track of where data is stored, user access settings, and the condition of each file.

4. In the context of a computer, distinguish between primary and secondary memory.

Primary/Main Memory

Primary memory is the computer memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It is made up of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and provides a real working space for the processor. It keeps track of the data and instructions that are currently being processed by the processor. RAM is one example (Random Access Memory)

Secondary Memory

Because the processor does not directly interface with the secondary memory, the contents of the secondary memory must first be transferred to the primary memory before the processor can access it. Hard discs, USB drives, and other similar devices are examples.

The table below summarizes the differences between Secondary and Main/Primary Memory.

5. In the context of an operating system, what is meant by threads and processes?

Process

A process is any program that is currently being executed. A process control block is in charge of controlling any process. The Process Control Block stores process priority, process id, process state, CPU, register, and other data (PCB). When one process spawns another, a new process is produced. A process takes longer to complete and is isolated, meaning it does not share a memory with other processes.

Thread

A thread is a segment of a process, which means that a process can have multiple threads that are all contained within it. There are three states for a thread: running, ready, and blocked. Threads are faster than processes at terminating, yet they do not isolate like processes.

The table summarizes these two concepts briefly and compares them.

6. Explain Database Management System? What are the benefits of this approach over traditional file systems?

A database management system (or DBMS) is essentially just a computerized data storage system. Users of the system are given the ability to execute a variety of operations on it, including data manipulation and database structure maintenance.

The advantages of a database management system over traditional file systems are as follows:

• Better Data Management

Users can access better-managed data thanks to database management. As a result, end-users will be able to immediately review their information and respond to any changes.

• Data Security

As the number of users grows, so does the rate at which data is moved or shared, increasing the risk of data security. It's commonly utilized in the business world, where companies invest a lot of money, time, and effort to ensure data protection and proper use. By providing a stronger platform for data privacy and security standards, a Database Management System (DBMS) assists businesses in improving data security.

• Reduced Data Inconsistency

When different versions of the same data appear in different places in a database management system, data inconsistency is minimized. When a student's name is saved as "William Shakespeare" on the school's main computer, but as "W. Shakespeare" on the teacher's registered system, data discrepancy occurs.

• Faster data access

A database management system (DBMS) helps to produce quick responses to database queries, allowing for faster and more accurate data access. End users, for example, will have better data access when working with large amounts of sales data, allowing for a faster sales cycle.

7. What do you know about transaction ACID properties in relation to Database Management Systems?

Every transaction in a SQL Database must adhere to a set of guidelines. ACID attributes relate to these characteristics. 

These are defined as follows: 

• A stands for Atomicity.

This signifies that the entire transaction occurs at once or not at all. There is no intermediate ground, which means that there are no steps to transactions. Each transaction is viewed as a single entity that is either completed or not. It includes the following two steps.

Abort:

Any database updates are lost if a transaction aborts.

Commit:

When a transaction commits, the changes contained within it become visible.

Atomicity is often known as the "all or nothing rule."

Consider transferring money from one bank account to another. Either the transaction must be finished completely, or it will fail. A halfway transaction, such as money being deducted from one account but not credited to the other, is not possible.

• C for Consistency.

To ensure that the database is consistent, integrity constraints must be satisfied both before and after the transaction. It relates to the accuracy of a database.

For example, if a bank transaction is made from account A with X money to account B with Y money, the total amount of money must remain the same, i.e., X + Y.

• I for Isolation.

This property ensures that several transactions can run concurrently without producing database state problems. Non-interfering transactions are carried out. Changes performed in one transaction aren't visible to other transactions until the change for that transaction is put to memory or committed. This feature ensures that concurrently running transactions provide the same state as if they were run sequentially in some order.

A bank, for example, may have numerous ATMs throughout a country. The ATMs can all be used at the same time. They act as if they are the only transaction taking place on the bank's database, thus isolating them.

• D for Durability.

This property ensures that once a transaction has completed execution, the database updates and modifications are saved and written to memory and that they survive system failure. These changes are now permanently stored in non-volatile memory. As a result, the results of the transaction are never lost.

For example, a backup database must be kept so that we can recover data from the backup database if the primary database fails.

8. In the C programming language context, explain the differences between struct and union.

struct

A structure is a user-defined data type in C that allows you to mix data items of different types. A structure is used to represent a record.

Syntax

struct structureName

   {

       member definition;

       member definition;

       ...

       member definition;

   }; 

Example

struct student 

{  

    int id;  

    char name[50];  

    string branch;  

};  

union

A union is a special data type in C that allows you to store many data types in the same memory space. Although a union can have many members, only one of them has worth at any given time. Unions are a good way to reuse the same memory space for several tasks.

Syntax

union unionName

    {

       member definition;

       member definition;

       ...

       member definition;

    };

Example

union student

{  

    string name;  

    string branch;  

    int phone;    

};  

The differences between a struct and a union are summarized below:

9. In every OOPs programming language, distinguish between variable/function declaration and definition.

The aim of a variable declaration is to inform the compiler of the variable's name, the kind of value it contains, and, if applicable, the starting value. In other words, a declaration offers information about a variable's attributes. A variable's definition allocates memory space for the variable and defines where it will be kept.

The differences between definition and declaration are illustrated in the table below:

10. What do you mean by arrays? What are some examples of array applications in real life?

An array is a collection of things that are stored in contiguous memory locations. The goal is to put things of the same type together. By simply adding an offset to a base value, such as the memory location of the array's first element, it is simple to calculate the position of each element.

The array's real-world applications are as follows:

• As a simple application, arrays can be used to store data in a tabular format. If we wish to save our contacts on our phones, for example, the program will simply generate an array containing all of our contacts.
• The leaderboard of a game can be easily arranged by recording the score in arrays and sorting them in descending order to view each player's position in the game.
• A simple question paper is made up of a series of numbered questions, each with its own set of marks.
• 2D arrays, often known as matrices, are employed in image processing.
• It's also utilized in speech recognition, where an array represents each spoken signal.

11. In the context of operating systems, how do you define a deadlock? What are the prerequisites for a deadlock?

Consider two trains approaching one other on the same track with just one track: once they are in front of each other, neither train can move. A similar situation occurs in operating systems when two or more processes share resources while waiting for resources held by other processes. Assume two trucks are attempting to cross a one-way bridge from opposite ends. None of the trucks are ready to return, and none of them can pass the bridge. A deadlock has been reached in this case.

The following are the prerequisites for a deadlock:

Mutual exclusion 

Occurs when one or more resources are not shared. That is, the resource can only be used one process at a time.

Hold and Wait

A process is defined as retaining at least one resource while waiting for further resources.

No Preemption

A resource can only be gotten from a process if the process releases it. There can't be any forced resource snatching.

Circular Wait

A collection of processes is waiting in a cyclic pattern for each other.

12. In sorting algorithms, distinguish between merge sort and quick sort.

The distinctions between rapid sort and merge are as follows:

13. In the context of OOPs programming, what do you mean by an entry controlled loop?

If the condition or expression at the point of entry becomes true, control is passed to the body of the loop. This type of loop is known as an "entry control loop" since it governs loop entry.

Entry controlled loops include while loops and for loops.

14. What are your thoughts on procedural programming? What is the difference between it and object-oriented programming?

The concept of invoking processes is at the heart of procedural programming, which emerged from structured programming. Procedures, often known as routines, subroutines, or functions, are a collection of instructions that must be followed. Any procedure in a program can be called by other procedures or the program itself at any point during execution.

The contrasts between procedural and object-oriented programming are illustrated in the table below:

15. A sorted array of 0s and 1s is provided. The purpose is to find the index of the first '1' in the sorted array. It's possible that the array is entirely made up of 0s or 1s. If the array contains no 1s, print "-1."

Method

The array is assumed to be sorted. We make use of this array attribute and utilize binary search to locate the first occurrence of 1 in the given array. We begin by looking through the entire array for the center element. When the middle element is 0, it means that our response is on the right side of the middle element. If the middle element is 1, the answer can be this index or the indices left to the current middle if there are more 1s before the current middle.

Example

Input 

arr = {0, 0, 0, 0}

Output 

-1

Input

arr = {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}

Output 

4

Code

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

int searchIndex(int a[], int left, int right)

{

    while (left <= right) {

        int mid = left + (right - left) / 2; 

        if (a[mid] == 1 && (mid == 0 || a[mid - 1] == 0))

            return mid;

        else if (a[mid] == 1)

            left = mid - 1;

        else

            left = mid + 1;

    }   

    return -1;

}

int main()

{

    int a[] = {0, 0, 0, 0};

    int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);

    cout << searchIndex(a, 0, n - 1);

    return 0;

}

Output

-1

Method Explanation

We developed a function called 'searchIndex' in the preceding code to find the first occurrence of the first one in the sorted array. We minimize the search space by adjusting the left and right values to match the middle element's current value. If left is greater than right, we return -1, indicating that there is no 1 in the array.

16. Write a program that converts the characters in a string to the opposite case, i.e., converts lowercase characters to uppercase and vice versa.

Method

We go over the string character by character. We remove 32 from the current character and transform it to uppercase if it is in lowercase. In the same way, if the current character is uppercase, we add 32 and change it to lowercase.

Example

Input 

“siMPlilEArn”

Output 

“SImpLILeaRN”

Input

“Ibm”

Output 

“IBM”

Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void caseChange(string& str)

{

    int len = str.length();

    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

        if (str[i] >= 'a' && str[i] <= 'z')

        {

            str[i] = str[i] - 32;

        }      

        else if (str[i] >= 'A' && str[i] <= 'Z')

        {

            str[i] = str[i] + 32;

        }        

    }

} 

int main()

{

    string str = "siMPlilEArn";

    cout << "The Original String is : " << str << "\n";

    caseChange(str);

    cout << "The Changed String is : " << str << "\n";

    return 0;

}

Output

The Original String is : siMPlilEArn

The Changed String is : SImpLILeaRN

Method Explanation

We define a function named 'changeCase' in the preceding code that takes a string reference as a parameter. We iterate through the string, changing each character's case to the opposing case by adding or removing 32.

17. Write a program to figure out how many different ways we can produce a change for N cents, assuming we had an infinite supply of each of the C = C1, C2,...Cm coins. The order in which the coins are placed makes no effect.

Method

To count the total number of solutions, we can divide all set solutions into two sets.

1) Solutions that do not include the mth coin (or Cm).

2) The solution contains at least one Cm.

If the function solve(C[], m, n) is used to count the number of solutions, it may be written as the sum of solve(C[], m-1, n) and solve(C[], m, n) (C[], m, n-Cm). We'll utilize dynamic programming to save the result for a specific n and m value. This reduces our temporal complexity to O(nm).

Example

Input

N = 5, C = {11, 23, 43, 7, 12}

Output

0

Input 

N = 4, C = { 1, 2, 3}

Output 

4

Code

#include<bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

int solve(int C[], int m, int n)

{

    int dp[n + 1][m];    

    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)

        dp[0][i] = 1;

    for (int i = 1; i < n + 1; i++)

    {

        for (int j = 0; j < m; j++)

        {

            int x = (i-C[j] >= 0) ? dp[i - C[j]][j] : 0; 

            int y = (j >= 1) ? dp[i][j - 1] : 0;

            dp[i][j] = x + y;

        }

    }

    return dp[n][m - 1];

} 

int main()

{

    int C[] = {11, 23, 43, 7, 12};

    int m = sizeof(C)/sizeof(C[0]);

    int n = 5;

    cout << solve(C, m, n);

    return 0;

}

Output

0

Method Explanation

We define a method called 'solve' in the preceding code that returns the number of ways that n may be expressed from a collection of m coins with different values. We make a dp table with the dimensions (n+1) * m. The number of ways that I can be represented by a set of j coins is expressed as dp[i][j]. The recurrence formula dp[i][j] = x + y has been employed here. y = dp[i][j-1], x = dp[i - C[j]][j].

18. In the context of the UNIX operating system, what is the purpose of the sudo command?

sudo is defined as Super Users DO. The sudo command is often used in Linux as a prefix to a command that only superusers can run. If you run a command with the prefix "sudo" before it, it will run with elevated privileges, allowing a user with the proper permissions to run a command as another user, such as the superuser. This is the Windows equivalent of "run as administrator."

Each user who may use the sudo command must have an entry in the sudoers file, which is located at "/etc/sudoers." To change or inspect the sudoers file, remember to use the sudo command. For editing the sudoers file, use the "visudo" command.

19. What are your thoughts on virtual memory in terms of operating systems?

A storage allocation method that lets you address secondary memory as if it were the main memory is called a Virtual Memory. Program-generated addresses are automatically converted to machine addresses, which are different from the addresses used by the memory system to designate physical storage places.

The quantity of secondary memory available is defined by the number of main storage sites available rather than the actual number of main storage locations, and the capacity of virtual storage is restricted by the computer system's addressing scheme.

20. In terms of operating systems, what are the three categories of schedulers? Explain.

Specialized computer programs that control the scheduling of processes in various ways are known as Schedulers. Their main task is to decide which jobs to enter into the system and which processes to conduct.

The three sorts of timetables are as follows:

Long term Scheduler (LTS)

A task scheduler is another name for a long-term scheduler. The applications admitted for processing into the system are determined by a long-term scheduler. It selects processes from the ready queue and loads them into memory before executing them. The process is loaded into memory for CPU scheduling. The primary purpose of the job scheduler is to deliver a balanced mix of operations, including I/O bound and CPU bound workloads. It also controls the amount of multiprogramming done. The average rate of process formation must be equal to the average rate of process departure from the system if the degree of multiprogramming remains constant.

Medium Term Schedulers (MTS)

These are used to swap processes in the main memory. It frees up the RAM that the processes have used up. As a result, the degree of multiprogramming is minimized. The medium-term scheduler is in charge of the swapped-out processes.

Short Term Scheduler (STS)

A CPU scheduler is another name for it. Its main purpose is to increase system performance based on a set of established criteria. It is the shift from the ready to the running stage of a process. The CPU scheduler selects a process from among those that are ready to run and gives it CPU time. Short-term schedulers, often known as dispatchers, choose the next process to run.

IBM Interview Preparation

Interview Preparation Tips

• The best way to assess how quickly you can tackle coding difficulties is to take on a variety of them. You'll learn more about addressing problems as a result of doing this.
• Make plans to demonstrate your leadership, collaboration, professional and academic achievements, communication skills, and ability to overcome hurdles and difficulties by preparing a portfolio of accomplishments.
• Take the time to assess your skills and abilities, both positive and negative, to determine whether or not you are a suitable match for the position. Try to think of examples that will make you stand out from the crowd. Interviewers want to know what drives you, why you want to work for them, and how your prior experiences have prepared you for the job you're applying for.
• Having self-confidence is essential for acing an interview. If you're self-assured, you've already accomplished half of the work. Always have a positive attitude and a welcoming demeanor.
• Start preparing for the interview as much as possible to increase your chances of securing a job. Find out all you need to know about the interview process, from the different stages and rounds to the kind of questions that will be asked. It is important to be prepared in advance with responses to common interview questions pertaining to HR and management. You will also get the opportunity to acquire knowledge of the company's accomplishments, company policies, mission, work-life equilibrium, and other aspects.
• Take into consideration the possibility of participating in the company's interview process. This will provide you with a good enough sense of how a real interview is conducted and what you can anticipate.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How long does IBM's recruiting procedure take?

The employment process at IBM might last between two weeks and 10 months. Due to the enormous number of applications, the screening process is extended until the top prospects are selected.

2. Is an IBM interview simple?

When candidates are being interviewed at IBM, a lot of emphasis is placed on how well they grasp the basics. There is no doubt that one can breeze through IBM interviews with enough preparation.

3. Why would you like employment at IBM?

Mention the factors that encourage you to work in the organization in response to these sorts of queries. As an element of your reason for joining the firm, you should make an effort to emphasize the core values and the mission statement that the organization adheres to.

4. What is IBM's starting compensation for new hires?

The starting compensation for entry-level employees at IBM may vary anywhere from INR 7.5 to INR 8.2 lakh per year.

5. Does IBM accept interns?

IBM does, in fact, employ interns.

6. Is it difficult to get an IBM internship?

It is important for IBM to properly evaluate a candidate's capabilities and skills before making any recruiting choices. As a result, obtaining a placement as an intern at IBM is not something that should be taken lightly. Having the appropriate direction and assistance is all that is needed to get there.

7. Why are you qualified for this position?

Refer to your strengths and the abilities you bring to the table when answering these kinds of interview questions.

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