Top 30 OSPF Interview Questions and Answers for 2024

Top 30 OSPF Interview Questions and Answers for 2024

1. What is OSPF Routing Protocol?

The term "OSPF" stands for "Open Shortest Path First." It is an open average link-state routing protocol that uses the SPF algorithm developed by Dijkstra to determine the shortest and straightest route. The resulting best path is then used to fill the routing database.

2. How can we change the router ID in the OSPF domain?

After the OSPF method has been launched and the OSPF neighbor ships have been identified, OSPF Router ID should not be utilized improperly. In order for a modified RID to take effect, we must either reload the IOS or apply the command "#clear IP OSPF process authority."

3. What are the important features of OSPF?

Given below are the important features of OSPF:

• It is a network layer protocol that operates on protocol number 89.
• In the IP part, it provides the TCP/IP model routing data.
• For normal communication, it uses multicast addresses 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 for updating to a router.
• Due to the fact that it deals with less traffic than RIP (Routing Information Protocol), it is more effective at sending routing information.
• The algorithm used is SPF (Shortest Path First).

4. What are the key attributes of OSPF?

The following are the key attributes of OSPF:

• Equal Cost Routes management: CEF Load corresponding
• Protocol Type of OSPF: Link State
• Transport: IP (Port89) submit to network walks website
• Metric of OSPF: Cost (Bandwidth)
• Standard: RFC2328 (OSPFv2), RFC2740 (OSPFv3/IPv6)

5. How does OSPF work?

The OSPF protocol is used by routers to transmit routing data and any associated updates to the table. OSPF simply sends the portion of the table that has been changed; it does not send the whole table. A link state database is used to store this configuration data. It will choose the quickest and best path to transfer data packets to a destination using this information.

6. Name different types of OSPF.

The following are the different types of OSPF:

LSA Type 1: Router LSA

• LSA Type 2: Network LSA
• LSA Type 3: Summary LSA
• LSA Type 4: Summary ASBR LSA
• LSA Type 5: Autonomous system external LSA
• LSA Type 6: Multicast OSPF LSA
• LSA Type 7: Not-so-stubby area LSA
• LSA Type 8: External attribute LSA for BGP
• LSA Type 9: Link Scope Opaque (OSPFv2) / Intra Area Prefix LSA (OSPFv3)
• LSA Type 10: Area Scope Opaque LSA
• LSA Type 11: AS (Autonomous System) Scope Opaque LSA

7. What are the different functions and workings of OSPF?

Given below are the different functioning and working of OSPF:

• The shortest path is determined by OSPF using the Dijkstra Shortest Path First algorithm.
• In the same area, OSPF establishes neighbor associations with nearby routers.
• Using Areas, OSPF implements a hierarchical network design.
• OSPF supports VLSMs and is a classless protocol.
• When one of its links changes, OSPF sends updates (LSAs) and will only send the change at that time. Additionally, LSAs are updated every 30 minutes.
• OSPF uses Link-State Advertisements to broadcast the state of directly linked links rather than the distance to connected networks (LSAs).

8. What are the advantages of dividing the entire network into areas?

The following are the benefits of diving the entire network into areas:

• It can limit the network instability to particular areas of the network.
• The routing overhead is reduced.
• It might quicken convergence.

9. What is OSPF Hello and Dead Interval?

OSPF uses two timers and hello packets to determine whether a neighboring router is active or not.

The Hello interval specifies how frequently an OSPF router sends a Hello packet. The default interval setting for point-to-point links is 10 seconds. This period must be the same for a shared network.

The Dead interval specifies how long a router will wait before a neighboring router is deemed dead. Depending on the type of network, the Hello and Dead interval values can vary.

10. What is DR and BDR in OSPF?

For information exchange between various routers in OSPF, a Backup Designated Router (BDR) and Designated Router (DR) are utilized. One router is chosen as the DR and another as the BDR depending on the network.

The DR serves as the network segment's point of contact in each broadcast network. All routers move closer to the DR while handling all of the network's LSAs. The router uses the multicast address 224.0.0.6 to send the DR information.

A BDR is chosen for the network to prevent issues in the event that the DR fails. When the DR fails, it turns on and starts listening to the multicast address 224.0.0.6.

11. What is the DR and BDR election process?

An OSPF router selects one router as DR and another as BDR depending on the kind of network. There is no BDR or DR election on a point-to-point network because the routers are connected directly. The router with the greatest OSPF priority in LANs is chosen as a DR. By default, priority is set to 1. The router with the highest router ID will be chosen if two routers have the same priority. The very next router is chosen as the BDR because it has the highest router ID or second-highest priority.

12. What are different network types of OSPF?

Given below are the different network types of OSPF:

• Broadcast Network Types: In this form of network, data packets are transferred from one router to several routers.
• Point to Point Network Types: Data packets are exchanged between precisely two routers in this network type.
• Non Broadcast Network Types: This network type permits access from a wide range of devices but does not permit broadcasting.

13. What is Router ID?

A router ID is used to identify each OSPF router specifically. An IPV4 address-based ID is given to each router. A duplicate of this ID will prevent two routers from being neighbors, hence it must not exist. This ID is also used by OSPF and BGP to identify the initial router from which a packet was produced.

14. What is the role of topology and routing tables in OSPF?

Three distinct tables are created and maintained using the OSPF process:

• Topology Table: The routes to all known networks in the area are listed in this table.
• Neighbor Table: All neighboring routers are listed in this table.
• Routing Table: For each known network, the best route is listed in this table.

15. What is the full form of LSA, LSU, and LSR in OSPF?

LSA is known as Link State Advertisement in OSPF. It is utilized in the Link State database to communicate the fundamental topology information for routing to other nearby routers. The LSA data is added to the Link State database by OSPF. The routers trade these LSAs until every router has access to the same topology database.

• LSA = Link State Advertisement
• LSU = Link State Update
• LSR = Link State Request

In OSPF, LSA is referred to as Link State Advertisement. It is used in the Link State database to send basic topology information to other adjacent routers for routing purposes. OSPF adds the LSA data to the Link State database. Until every router has access to the same topology database, the routers trade these LSAs.

16. How can you change the neighboring ships into adjacency?

We have to follow the given steps to change the neighbor ships into adjacency:

• To construct a link, we must first make a state request. LSU packets will be informed by this URL.
• To ensure database synchronization, both routers will now trade database description packets.
• The two routers can be measured as adjacent routers after the database synchronization is accomplished.

17. What are the most commonly known OSPF Neighbor States?

Down State: No Hello packets have been exposed on the interface during the Down State operation. The Hello packets either fail to reach the dead timer period or are erased. The typical neighbors are manually set up in this state.

2way State: The establishment of two-way communication in this state occurs when a router detects the neighbor's ID in the Hello packets' field category. When a Data-Based Descriptor packet is received from one neighbor's init state, a two-way state can also be created.

Init State: The progressive Init State involves a router recognising a "Hello message" from an OSPF neighbor. The Router receives the message in this condition, but the two-way communication with the neighbor has not been properly set up.

Loading State: This state, which comes after the exchange state, is in charge of sending neighbors' LSRs (Link State Requests). Neighbors respond by sending LSUs (Link State Updates) that provide details about the networks that were asked for.

Exstart and Exchange State: This condition offers a location where OSPF neighbors can trade DBD packets. The network's DR and BDR adjacencies are likewise constructed in this state. Using Link State Requests, this state also makes it easier to communicate routing data.

18. Why is OSPF called a loop-free protocol?

Because of the link-state database, OSPF is referred to as a loop-free protocol. With OSPF, routing loops typical of distance vector protocols are avoided because of the database's comprehensive view of the network. By using the inter-area loop-free topology, OSPF prevents loops. It is known as a loop-free protocol for this reason.

19. What are the different OSPF Router types?

Given below are the various OSPF router types:

• Internal routers: Internal routers are OSPF routers with identically grouped interfaces.
• Backbone routers: The OSPF routers that serve as Internal Routers in Area 0 are known as backbone routers.
• Autonomous System Boundary Routers: The sort of OSPF routers that promote external routes into the OSPF domain are known as autonomous system boundary routers.
• Area Border Routers: The type of OSPF routers known as area border routers have interfaces in several areas.

20. Why do we use Area 0 in OSPF?  

Networks that are part of a single autonomous system can be divided further into various sectors using OSPF. Area 0 is therefore generated by default. It can function either alone or as the foundation of OSPF. Typically, it is specified as 0.0.0.0.

It must be traveled through by the several places that connect to Area 0. It is not necessary for the connection to be direct; a virtual link can be used to create it.

21. Differentiate between e1 and e2 in OSPF.

The cost from the ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router) to the destination is specified by E1 External Type Routes. Here, both the internal cost and the outside metric are taken into account.

However, internal expenses are not taken into account while using External Type routes, or E2. To go to a specific location, only external measures are calculated. The path with the lowest metric from the ASBR is taken into consideration for sending data if there are two E2 routes available to reach a destination.

22. What do you understand by Link State Retransmit Interval?

Each newly conventional LSA receives acknowledgment from OSPF. LSAs are submitted repeatedly until they are accepted.

The period between retransmissions is determined by the Link State Retransmit Interval. To set the retransmit interval, we can use the command IP OSPF retransmit-interval.

23. Is it possible to have one numbered side and leave the other side unnumbered in OSPF?

No. In OSPF, it is not possible to have one side that is numbered while leaving the other side unnumbered. If you try to do this, the OSPF database will become inconsistent and the routes won't be able to be inserted in the steering table.

24. What do you understand by OSPF adjacency?

An OSPF adjacency is a potential connection to a neighbor via which Link State Advertisements can be sent (LSAs).

25. What are the five OSPF packet types?

Given below are the five types of OSPF packets:

• DBD
• HELLO
• LSU
• LSR
• LSack

26. What do you understand by the OSPF Router ID?

An ID used to identify the router is called the OSPF Router ID, and it is a 32-bit number.

27. Is it possible to have OSPF over a GRE tunnel?

The OSPF protocol can indeed be used with a GRE tunnel.

28. What are the multicast IPs used by OSPF? What multicast IP does DR/BDR router and non-DR use?

The multicast IP addresses 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 are used by OSPF routers. It makes use of 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 in DR/BDR. When responding to OSPF routers in the Broadcast Multi-access network, DR/BDR uses 224.0.0.6.

29. What is the concept of Virtual-link in OSPF? Can we form a virtual link through the stub area?

The OSPF rule states that inter-area communication occurs when at least one area qualifies as area 0, or the backbone area. If this is not achievable, then we must create a logical association via a virtual link. The stub area cannot be used as a virtual link.

30. What are the issues that DR and BDR solve in OSPF?

The following are the issues that DR and BDR solve in OSPF:

• Excessive LSA flooding
• High No. of Adjacency

Looking to accelerate your career as a skilled Full Stack Web Developer? Leverage Caltech CTME's academic excellence in a unique bootcamp-style Post Graduate Program in Full Stack Web Development. Enroll Now!

Conclusion

To crack the OSPF exam in one go, you can opt for PGP Full Stack Web Developer - Mean Stack Program. Throughout this Full Stack MEAN Developer program, you'll study cutting-edge skills like GIT, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript as well as MongoDB, Express.js, Angular, and Node.js ("MEAN") to develop and deploy interactive applications and services.

If you have any questions or queries, feel free to post them in the comments section below. Our team will get back to you with the solutions at the earliest possible.